This paper presents a description of the early post-embryonic development of the anterior part of the mandible (Meckel’s cartilage, mentomeckelian and dentary bones) and of the dentition in two species of cichlids, the substrate brooder Hemichromis bimaculatus and the mouth-brooder Astatotilapia burtoni, based on serial semithin sections and reconstructions. In both species, the first bone (dentary) appears in a parachondral position, separated from the perichondral bone Anlage (mentomeckelium). Its deposition coincides with mouth opening and appearance of the first tooth germs. The first dentition in both species is basically symmetrical and teeth are most likely initiated in an alternate manner. The tooth germs become attached to the supporting bone by means of a collar of attachment bone, which is argued to develop in connection with the dental unit but to need the stimulus of adjacent bone. Some germs however remain unsupported for at least the period which has been examined and act possibly as replacement teeth. Erosion of Meckel’s cartilage is initiated only opposite such unsupported but well-developed tooth germs. Afterwards, separate erosion cavities merge to create a large medullary cavity. The possible role of the teeth in the initiation of cartilage resorption is discussed.